Sapiens ( A brief history of Humankind ) Summary Part 2

                                                   

        Multiple human species rooms the earth together the depiction of man evolving from a hunched over to upright incorrectly displays have human evolution as a linear trajectory, in fact, the species lived simultaneously humans have huge brains for their body size human brains account for two to three percent of the body size but use 25 percent of energy human con was very much in the middle of the food chain until 400,000 years ago and didn't leap to the top of the food chain until hundred thousand years ago most animals at the top of the food chain made it there gradually over millions of years humans, however, jumped up to the top relatively rapidly this means that the rest of the food chain wasn't ready and neither were we hence we feel anxious and stressed because we aren't used to be at the top the advent of fire and cooking food may have opened the way for the evolution of a smaller intestinal tract and a larger brain 

            There are two theories of how Homo sapiens evolved interbreeding theory and replacement theory the reality is probably a combination of both theories perhaps

this is why Homo sapiens wiped out, in the end, the Thals they were too familiar to ignore but too different to tolerate the last wharf species of humans died out 12,000 years ago Homo sapiens conquered the world because of their unique language the cognitive revolution occurred between 70,000 years to 30 thousand years ago it allowed Homo sapiens to communicate at a level near seen before in language as far as we know only Homo sapiens can talk about things we have never seen touched or

smelled think religions myths legends and fantasies the telling of myths and stories about homo sapiens to collaborate in large numbers in extremely flexible ways this separates us from all other animals chimps can't form groups of more than 50 or so for

humans the group size is usually 150 or so beyond that, you can't rely on gossip and personal communication. 

            You need something more to get large numbers of people working together large numbers of people can collaborate by sharing common myths

and beliefs in academic circles stories unknown as fictions social constructs or imagined realities and imagined reality is not a why because the entire group believes it ever since the cognitive revolution humans have been living a dual reality the physical reality and the imagined reality the way people cooperate can be changed by changing the stories as Mis we tell because her most Appian shared mists we are not genetically based they could adapt and change their behavior as soon as they

adapted their new belief they didn't have to wait millions of years for a genetic change her per se plans are the only animals that conduct trade as far as we know the humans of 30,000 years ago had the same physical emotional and intellectual capabilities that we have today

         If a wished neuropsychology claims that most of our psychology was developed during the period before the Agricultural Revolution about 10,000 years ago the instinct to gorge on high-calorie food is wide into our DNA ever since the Agricultural Revolution there hasn't been one predominant way of life for all humans they have only been options from a variety of cultures the dog was the first animal domesticated by humans around 15,000 years ago in ancient human groups over ten thousand years ago there was very little privacy but also very little loneliness most of our ancient ancestors have a much wider and deeper knowledge of their physical surroundings than we do they were not unintelligent at all the human collective today knows far more overall than the whole population of 15,000 years ago however at the individual level we are much more specialized today ancient forages were the most knowledgeable and skillful people in history and he finds it easier to pass unremarkable genes along today than it was 10,000 years ago now like knowledge about prehistoric religions and beliefs is one of the biggest holes in our understanding of human history humans traveling across the sea and landing in Australia was one of the most important expeditions in history

                 It marked the moment humans cemented themselves at of the food chain Homo sapiens first made it to America about 16,000 years ago the settling of America across the Siberian peninsula through Alaska into Canada and the united states down through Mexico and Central America into the Andes and the Amazon and all the way to the tip of South America was one of the most rapid and incredible invasions of a single species the world has ever seen incredibly the agricultural revolution sprang up independently in many different parts of the world there is no evidence modern humans have become more intelligent with time the agriculture revolution actually didn't make the life of the average human better at first it did, however, allow humans to correct more food per unit area and thus the overall population multiplied exponentially fascinatingly the first few thousand years of cultural revolution.